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2000〜2002年度 平成12年度 科学研究費補助金 基盤研究Ｂ（一般）（Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science）■ 課題番号 （Grant No.）12410128■ 研究課題 （Project title）省略の復元に関する理論的・実証的研究 ---経験科学としての生成文法を目指してTheoretical and empirical studies of ellipsis ---Toward the establishment of generative grammar as an empirical science --- ■ 研究組織 （Members）
■ 研究目的 （Objectives of the Project）The main objective of the project has been to uncover the nature of the language faculty through syntactic and semantic analysis of elliptical constructions in natural language, mainly focusing on Japanese and English. Our ultimate goal is to propose a model of that part of language faculty which is conditioned by purely structural factors as distinct from those that are lexically or pragmatically conditioned.Ellipsis sheds some light on this aspect of the research. Since, by definition, more than what is pronounced is delivered in elliptical constructions, it is expected that the meaning of the 'omitted' part should be somehow reconstructed in our mind. What is important in this context is that while some elliptical constructions allow their meaning to be guessed based on the speaker's knowledge of the world, some require reconstruction of grammatical/linguistic representation, as pointed out in Hankamer & Sag (1976: "Deep and Surface Anaphora," in Linguistic Inquiry). Hankamer & Sag show that certain elliptical constructions need an antecedent linguistic expression while others do not, and claim that the former is surface anaphora (whose interpretation needs to be calculated based on the reconstructed linguistic representation) and the latter is deep anaphora (whose meaning can be inferred in whatever way, based on extra-linguistic knowledge). In other words, surface anaphora reflects the structural/formal meaning of the antecedent expression, and this is the reason why we are especially interested in them: an ellipsis may give us more information than its overt counterpart, regarding the workings of grammar. In order to achieve the goal, we need (i) to identify the construction involving surface anaphora, (ii) to check the predictions which our theories make, and (iii) to revise our hypotheses where necessary. This requires varieties of preliminary investigation and pilot surveys. We recruited specialists of ellipsis in the fields of generative syntax and formal semantics. We were fortunate to have been able to form an ideal research group for fulfilling this goal. ■ 活動報告 （Outline of the Research）During the three years of the project, the members have kept in close contact with one another. We held three general meetings in Japan, two at Kyoto University of Foreign Studies and one at Kyushu University, and two subsessions at Kochi.So as to ensure some substantive and productive discussion, each meeting was preceded by discussion session via e-mail. The general meetings were quite intensive; we spent whole morning or afternoon for each presentation, and the discussion sometimes went on during the break. Provided below is an abridged version of the program of our three general meetings. ・ 2000年度研究活動 （KAKEN general meeting 2000） Date: Dec/18/2000 - Dec/21/2000 [10:00am - 6:30pm] Place: Kyoto University of Foreign Studies
Date: Dec/18/2001 - Dec/21/2001 [9:30am - 5:30pm] Place: Kyoto University of Foreign Studies Title: "The Discrepancy Between Elided And Non-Elided Structures"
Date: Dec/19/2002 - Dec/22/2002 [9:30am - 5:30pm] Place: Kyushu University Research and International Exchange Plaza Title: "Ellipsis: What we know and what we don't"
■ List of Publications and PresentationsJournal ArticlesFox, Danny (2002) "Antecedent Contained Deletion and the Copy theory of Movement," Linguistic Inquiry 33-1, pp.63-96. Fox, Danny, and Howard Lasnik (2003) "Successive Cyclic Movement and Island Repair: the difference between Sluicing and VP Ellipsis," Linguistic Inquiry 34-1, pp.143-154. Fox, Danny, and Jon Nissenbaum (to appear) "Condition A and Scope Reconstruction" to appear in Linguistic Inquiry. Hayashishita, J.-R. (2003) "Restriction on Covert Movement - Evidence from Comparative Ellipsis in Japanese," to appear in Japanese/Korean Linguistics 12, CSLI Publications. Hoji, Hajime (2003) "Falsifiability and Repeatability in Generative Grammar: A Case Study of Anaphora and Scope Dependency in Japanese," Lingua 113/4-6, pp.377-446. Johnson, Kyle (2001) "Sluicing and constraints on QR," GLOT Newsletter (Blackwell's e-journal), vol.1, June 2001. Johnson, Kyle (2002) "Restoring exotic coordinations to normalcy," Linguistic Inquiry 33, pp.97-156. Johnson, Kyle (to appear) "Towards an etiology of adjunct islands," Proceedings of the Nordic Linguistics Conference, edited by Kurt Rice & Peter Svenonius. Kennedy, Christopher, and Jason Merchant (2000) "Attributive comparative deletion," Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 18, pp.89-146. Kennedy, Christopher, and Jeff Lidz (2001) "A (Covert) Long-Distance Anaphor in English," The Proceedings of WCCFL 20, pp. 318-331. Kennedy, Christopher (2001) "Polar Opposition and the Ontology of 'Degrees'," Linguistics and Philosophy 24, pp.33-70. Kennedy, Christopher (2002) "Comparative Deletion and Optimality in Syntax," Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 20-3, pp. 553-621. Merchant, Jason (2000) "Antecedent-contained deletion in negative polarity items," Syntax 3, pp.144-150. Merchant, Jason (2000) "Economy, the copy theory, and antecedent-contained deletion," Linguistic Inquiry 31, pp.566-575. Merchant, Jason (2001) "Islands and LF-movement in Greek sluicing," Journal of Greek Linguistics 1, pp.39-62. Merchant, Jason (2002) "PF output constraints and elliptical repair in SAI comparatives," Proceedings of WCCFL 21, pp.292-305. Mukai, Emi (2003) "On Verbless Conjunction in Japanese," to appear in NELS 33. Tomioka, Satoshi, and Kimiko Nakanishi (2002) "On Japanese Associative Plurals," Proceedings of NELS 32, pp.423-439. Tomioka, Satoshi (2001) "Information Structure and Disambiguation in Japanese," Proceedings of WCCFL 20, pp.552-564. Oral Presentations Fox, Danny (2000) "The Copy Theory of Movement, Antecedent Contained Deletion and Extraposition," Colloquia Series, University of McGill, April 2000. Fox, Danny (2000) "Extraposition and Covert Movement," Colloquia Series, USC, November 2000. Fox, Danny (2000) "Antecedent Contained Deletion and the Copy Theory of Movement," Colloquia Series, UCLA, November 2000. Fox, Danny (2000) "Antecedent Contained Deletion," Kaken Project, Kyoto, Japan, December 2000. Fox, Danny (2001) "Cyclic Spell-out, Salvation by Deletion, and Holmberg's Generalization," Kaken Project, Kyoto, Japan, December 2001. Fox, Danny (2002) "Focus and Ellipsis," Kaken Project, Kyoto, Japan, December 2002. Hayashishita, J.-R. (2002) "Restriction on Covert Movement - Evidence from Comparative Ellipsis in Japanese," presented at The 12th Japanese/Korean Linguistics Conference, The City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, November 2nd 2002. Hayashishita, J.-R. (2002) "Restriction on Covert Movement - Evidence from Comparative Ellipsis in Japanese," presented at The 33rd Meeting of the North East Linguistics Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, November 9th 2002. Hoji, Hajime (2000) "Surface and Deep Anaphora, and Some Implications," Kaken Project, Kyoto University of Foreign Studies, Kyoto, Japan, December 18-22, 2000. Hoji, Hajime (2001) "The Sloppy Identity Readings in Surface and Deep Anaphora," plenary Lecture, at the Workshop on Empty Categories and Ellipsis, the State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, August 9, 2001. Hoji, Hajime (2001) "On Island Repair and CM vs. non-CM Constructions in English and Japanese," Kaken Project, Kyoto University of Foreign Studies, Kyoto, Japan, December 19-22, 2001. Hoji, Hajime (2002) "Falsifiability and Repeatability in Generative Grammar," Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands, April 16, 2002. Hoji, Hajime (2002) "A Grammatical Source of Judgmental Fluctuation: A Case Study of Verbless Conjunction and Backward Multiple Stripping in Japanese," Kaken Project, Kyoto University of Foreign Studies, Kyoto, Japan, December 19-22, 2002. Hoji, Hajime, Satoshi Kinsui, Yukinori Takubo, and Ayumi Ueyama (2000) "On the 'Demonstratives' in Japanese," presented at Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR), Kyoto, Japan, November 29, 2000. Hoji, Hajime and Ayumi Ueyama (2000) "Resumption in Japanese," presented at Nagoya Linguistics Circle (NACL), Nanzan University, Nagoya, Japan, December 2, 2000. Kyle, Johnson (2000) "Rehabilitating broken coordinations," UC, Santa Cruz, 17 March. Kyle, Johnson (2001) "Broken Coordinations," The JoeFest, Durham, United Kingdom. Kyle, Johnson (2002) "On classifying syntactic islands phonologically, University of Delaware. 22 February. Kyle, Johnson (2002) "How to make islands," University of Texas, Austin. 18 March. Kyle, Johnson (2002) "How to find islands," University of Texas, Austin. 19 March. Kyle, Johnson (2002) "How to escape islands," University of Texas, Austin. 20 March. Kyle, Johnson (2002) "When can phonology help syntax," University of Arizona, Tucson. 22 March. Kyle, Johnson (2002) "How to tell an island," Potsdam University. 10 July. Kyle, Johnson (2003) "Phonological phrasing," paper presented at Ellipsis Workshop, UC, Santa Cruz, February. Merchant, Jason (2000) Guess what about? The syntax of ellipsis and islandhood [or, How to delete your way out of an island]. Invited talk, Northwestern University. May 2000. Merchant, Jason (2000) "Sluicing and swiping in Germanic," presented at the 15th Comparative Germanic Syntax Workshop (CGSW). University of Groningen, May 2000. Merchant, Jason (2001) "The saving graces of ellipsis. Invited colloquium talk, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. May 2001. Merchant, Jason (2001) "The syntax of silence, or Why silence is even more golden than we thought. Franke Institute New Faculty Series, University of Chicago. May 2001. Merchant, Jason (2002) "Repair by deletion: Some puzzles from ellipsis. Invited colloquium talk, University of Connecticut. March 2002. Merchant, Jason (2002) "Illuminating the black hole of PF. Invited colloquium talk, University of Southern California. April 2002. Merchant, Jason (2002) "PF output constraints and elliptical repair in SAI comparatives. Presented at the 21st West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. University of California, Santa Cruz. April 2002. Merchant, Jason (2002) "Fragments and the syntax-semantics interface. Invited colloquium talk, University of Maryland, College Park. September 2002. Merchant, Jason (2003) "Linguistic and philosophical implications of fragments. Ellipsis workshop. University of California, Santa Cruz. January 2003. Mukai, Emi (2002) "On Verbless Conjunction in Japanese," presented at The 33rd Meeting of the North East Linguistics Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, November 10th 2002. Tomioka, Satoshi (2000) "Cross-linguistic variations of nouns and null anaphora," presented at Conference on Syntax and Pragma-semantics of NP, University of Antwerp, Belgium. Tomioka, Satoshi (2000) "What can semantics say about Pro-drop?" presented at Linguistics Colloquium Series, University of California at Irvine and University of Durham, England. Tomioka, Satoshi (2000) "Some notes on null elements within DPs," presented at Annual Meeting of KAKEN Ellipsis Project, University of Kyoto for Foreign Studies, Kyoto, Japan. Tomioka, Satoshi (2001) "On sloppy readings of ellipsis: Is it the end of LF identity of ellipsis?" to be presented at Annual Meeting of KAKEN Ellipsis Project, University of Kyoto for Foreign Studies, Kyoto, Japan. Tomioka, Satoshi (2002) "Ellipsis and anaphora: What we know and what we don't," presented at Annual Meeting of KAKEN Ellipsis Project, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. Ueyama, Ayumi (2000) "Demonstratives in Japanese and the Theory of Anaphora," Workshop on Ellipsis in English and Japanese, Kyoto University of Foreign Studies. December 18, 2000. Ueyama, Ayumi (2001) "Some Tips for You to Make Schematic Examples in Japanese," Workshop on Ellipsis in English and Japanese, Kyoto University of Foreign Studies. December 19, 2001. Ueyama, Ayumi (2002) " Falsifiability and Repeatability: the case of ellipsis," Workshop on Ellipsis in English and Japanese, Kyushu University. December 19, 2002. Ueyama, Ayumi and Hajime Hoji (2001) "Resumption in Japanese," presented at the Workshop on Empty Categories and Ellipsis, the State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, August 9, 2001. Ueyama, Ayumi and Hajime Hoji (2001) "Resumption in Japanese," presented at the Workshop on Bound Pronouns, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, May 3, 2001. Books, and Articles in Edited Volumes Hoji, Hajime (2002) "Surface and Deep Anaphora, Sloppy Identity, and Experiments in Syntax," in Anaphora: A Reference Guide, edited by A. Barss, Blackwell, Cambridge, pp.172-236. Hoji, Hajime, Satoshi Kinsui, Yukinori Takubo, & Ayumi Ueyama (to appear) "Demonstratives in Modern Japanese," in Functional Structure(s), Form and Interpretation, edited by A. Li & A. Simpson, Routledge. Johnson, Kyle (2000) "Few dogs eat Whiskers or cats Alpo," University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers 23, pp.47-60. Johnson, Kyle (2000) "When verb phrases go missing," in The first Glot International state-of-the-article book, edited by Lisa L.-S. Cheng & Rint Sybesma, Mouton de Gruyter, New York, pp.75-103. Johnson, Kyle (2000) "How Far Will Quantifiers Go?" in Step by Step, edited by Roger Martin, David Michaels & Juan Uriagereka, The MIT Press, Cambridge, pp.187-210. Johnson, Kyle (2001) "What VP ellipsis can do, and what it can't, but not why," in The handbook of contemporary syntactic theory, edited by Mark Baltin & Chris Collins, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, pp.439-479. Johnson, Kyle (to appear) "Gapping," SYNCOM electronic encyclopedia. Johnson, Kyle (to appear) "Clausal edges and their effects on scope," in Peripheries, edited by David Adger, George Tsoulas & Bernadette Plunkett. Kennedy, Christopher (2001) "VP-deletion and 'Nonparasitic' Gaps," in Parasitic Gaps, Edited by Peter W. Culicover and Paul M. Postal, The MIT Press, pp.393-402. Kennedy, Christopher (to appear) "Argument Contained Ellipsis," in Topics in Ellipsis, edited by Kyle Johnson, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Kennedy, Christopher (to appear) "Ellipsis and syntactic representation," in The syntax-semantics interface: Interpreting (omitted) structures, edited by Kerstin Schwabe & Susanne Winkler, John Benjamins, Amsterdam. Merchant, Jason (2001) The syntax of silence: Sluicing, islands, and the theory of ellipsis, Oxford University Press. Merchant, Jason (to appear) "Variable island repair under ellipsis," in Topics in ellipsis, edited by Kyle Johnson, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Merchant, Jason (to appear) "Subject-Auxiliary Inversion in comparatives and PF output constraints," in The syntax-semantics interface: Interpreting (omitted) structures, edited by Kerstin Schwabe & Susanne Winkler, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, pp.55-77. Merchant, Jason (2002) "Swiping in Germanic," in Studies in Comparative Germanic Syntax, edited by C. Jan-Wouter Zwart & Werner Abraham, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, pp.295-321. Tomioka, Satoshi (2001) "On a Certain Scope Asymmetry in VP ellipsis Contexts," in Linguistic Form and its Computation, edited by C. Rohrer, Antje Roduetscher, & H. Kamp, CSLI Publications, pp.183-204. Tomioka, Satoshi (to appear) "The semantics of Japanese null pronouns and its cross-linguistic implications," in The syntax-semantics interface: Interpreting (omitted) structures, edited by Kerstin Schwabe & Susanne Winkler, John Benjamins, Amsterdam. |