Table of Contents

Acknowledgments................................................................................................................... iii

Table of Contents.................................................................................................................. viii

List of Abbreviations and Terms........................................................................................... xiii

Abstract................................................................................................................................... xv

Chapter 1. Introduction................................................................................................................ 1

1.1. Goal.................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2. Outline............................................................................................................................... 4

1.3. Assumptions on the Organization of Grammar................................................................. 9

1.3.1. Overall picture............................................................................................................. 9

1.3.2. Input........................................................................................................................... 9

1.3.3. Operations................................................................................................................. 10

1.3.3.1. Merge.............................................................................................................. 10

1.3.3.2. Move............................................................................................................... 11

1.3.3.3. Spell-Out.......................................................................................................... 12

1.3.4. Output representations................................................................................................ 13

1.3.4.1. PF representation.............................................................................................. 14

1.3.4.2. LF representations and SRs............................................................................... 14

1.4. Assumptions on the Structure of Japanese..................................................................... 14

1.4.1. Basic observational properties of Japanese.................................................................. 15

1.4.2. On demonstratives..................................................................................................... 17

1.4.3. On functional categories............................................................................................. 20

1.4.3.1. D⁰.................................................................................................................... 20

1.4.3.2. I⁰..................................................................................................................... 21

1.4.3.3. C⁰.................................................................................................................... 22

Chapter 2. On the Scrambling Construction: Preliminary Discussion...................................... 23

2.1. Aim of This Chapter........................................................................................................ 23

2.2. Two OS-type Constructions............................................................................................ 28

2.2.1. A-properties: absence of the WCO effects.................................................................. 29

2.2.2. A'-properties: reconstruction effects............................................................................ 31

2.2.3. 'Undoing' of the movement: reconstruction of a wh-phrase............................................ 34

2.2.4. The Deep OS-type and the Surface OS-type............................................................... 37

2.3. On Scope Interpretations................................................................................................ 39

2.3.1. Scope Interpretations and the OS-type construction...................................................... 39

2.3.2. Scope Interpretation Hypothesis.................................................................................. 44

2.4. Distributional Constraints on the Deep DL.................................................................... 47

2.4.1. Long distance OS-type construction............................................................................ 48

2.4.2. Multiple OS-type construction..................................................................................... 51

2.4.3. Special type of clauses............................................................................................... 55

2.4.4. Summary................................................................................................................... 60

2.5. Summary and Discussion................................................................................................. 61

2.5.1. Summary of the claims in this chapter.......................................................................... 61

2.5.2. Analysis of the Deep OS-type..................................................................................... 62

2.5.3. Analysis of the Surface OS-type................................................................................. 64

Appendix A: Critical Discussions on Some Observations in the Literature........................ 66

A.1. Long distance OS-type construction and the 'major object'.............................................. 66

A.2. Resumption................................................................................................................. 69

A.3. Observations which are dismissed in this thesis.............................................................. 71

A.3.1. Availability of anaphor-binding............................................................................. 71

A.3.2. Reconstruction effects of Condition C violation..................................................... 78

A.4. PF movement analysis and some related issues.............................................................. 86

A.4.1. Proper binding violations...................................................................................... 86

A.4.2. Scrambling of a nominative-marked NP............................................................... 88

A.4.3. Quantifier floating............................................................................................... 90

Appendix B: Critical Reviews on Previous Analyses............................................................ 92

B.1. Analyses of the OS-type construction in Japanese.......................................................... 93

B.1.1. Scrambling as an A'-movement: Saito 1985........................................................... 93

B.1.2. Scrambling and Anti-scrambling: Kitagawa 1990................................................... 96

B.1.3. Scrambling as an A-movement: Yoshimura 1992................................................. 101

B.1.4. Scrambling which can be undone: Saito 1992....................................................... 106

B.2. Other relevant theories............................................................................................... 113

B.2.1. Kuroda 1988..................................................................................................... 113

B.2.2. Webelhuth 1989................................................................................................ 117

B.2.3. Mahajan 1990................................................................................................... 119

Chapter 3. The Weak Crossover Effects and the Reconstruction Effects.............................. 121

3.1. Introduction................................................................................................................... 121

3.2. Observations in Japanese............................................................................................. 127

3.2.1. SO-type configuration I............................................................................................. 127

3.2.2. SO-type configuration II........................................................................................... 129

3.2.3. OS-type configuration I: WCO effects....................................................................... 131

3.2.3.1. WCO effects and the OS-type construction...................................................... 132

3.2.3.2. Long distance OS-type construction................................................................. 134

3.2.3.3. Multiple OS-type construction.......................................................................... 139

3.2.3.4. Special type of clauses.................................................................................... 145

3.2.3.5. Summary........................................................................................................ 148

3.2.4. OS-type configuration II: reconstruction effects.......................................................... 148

3.2.5. Summary of the observations.................................................................................... 152

3.3. Proposal: Formal Dependency and Indexical Dependency.......................................... 155

3.4. Further Remarks and Predictions................................................................................. 156

3.4.1. Supporting evidence from English.............................................................................. 156

3.4.2. Hoji 1995a............................................................................................................... 159

3.4.3. BVA and OS-type construction................................................................................. 163

3.4.3.1. Long distance OS-type construction and the WCO effects................................. 163

3.4.3.2. Deep OS-type and the reconstruction effects.................................................... 167

3.4.4. A note on the so-called strong crossover effects......................................................... 169

3.5. Summary......................................................................................................................... 171

Chapter 4. On "Coreference".................................................................................................. 175

4.1. Overview........................................................................................................................ 175

4.2. Demonstratives in Japanese......................................................................................... 177

4.2.1. A-words must be "referential".................................................................................... 177

4.2.2. Non-deictic so-words cannot be "referential".............................................................. 179

4.2.3. Summary................................................................................................................. 181

4.3. D-indexed NPs............................................................................................................... 182

4.3.1. D-indices and s^D...................................................................................................... 182

4.3.2. Co-D-indexation....................................................................................................... 184

4.4. FD and ID in Apparent Coreference Cases.................................................................. 187

4.4.1. Predictions............................................................................................................... 187

4.4.2. Verification.............................................................................................................. 188

4.4.3. On the referential circularity...................................................................................... 193

4.5. Summary and Discussion............................................................................................... 200

Appendix C: On Condition C/D Effects............................................................................... 203

C.1. Condition D................................................................................................................ 203

C.2. Accidental coreference vs. intended coreference......................................................... 205

C.3. Condition D on co-D-indexation................................................................................... 207

Appendix D: On Non-individual-denoting So-words............................................................ 208

D.1. Non-individual-denoting so-words................................................................................ 209

D.2. Quirky binding............................................................................................................ 213

D.2.1. The apparent QP must be D-indexed................................................................. 214

D.2.2. No Deep OS-type............................................................................................. 215

D.2.3. No other quirky binding..................................................................................... 217

D.2.4. The apparent QP must be 'salient'...................................................................... 218

D.2.5. The so-word must be non-individual-denoting...................................................... 220

D.2.6. Summary.......................................................................................................... 220

D.3. Implicit variable binding in English............................................................................... 221

Chapter 5. Bound Variable Anaphora and E-type Links.......................................................... 223

5.1. Semantic Representation............................................................................................... 223

5.1.1. LF and SR............................................................................................................... 224

5.1.2. QR.......................................................................................................................... 226

5.2. Co-I-indexation.............................................................................................................. 229

5.2.1. Inter-sentential dependency....................................................................................... 229

5.2.2. Co-I-indexation........................................................................................................ 229

5.2.2.1. I-indexed so-words......................................................................................... 229

5.2.2.2. E-type pronouns.............................................................................................. 231

5.2.2.3. Syntactic dependency and semantic dependency............................................... 232

5.2.3. Interpretation of I-indexed NPs................................................................................. 234

5.2.3.1. Evans' original characterization........................................................................ 234

5.2.3.2. 'Antecedent quantifier'..................................................................................... 235

5.2.3.3. 'Antecedent quantifier-containing clause'.......................................................... 236

5.2.4. Summary................................................................................................................. 240

5.3. Theory of Anaphoric Relations...................................................................................... 240

5.3.1. Conceptual problems................................................................................................ 240

5.3.2. Formal Dependency................................................................................................. 242

5.3.2.1. Principle of recoverability of deletion................................................................ 242

5.3.2.2. FD as an LF object......................................................................................... 245

5.3.2.3. Summary........................................................................................................ 247

5.3.3. Co-I-indexation and ID............................................................................................. 248

5.3.3.1. Hypothesis on the establishment of ID.............................................................. 248

5.3.3.2. ID and ^largeNPs............................................................................................... 250

5.3.3.3. E-type links and ID......................................................................................... 251

5.3.3.4. Donkey anaphora as an instance of co-I-indexation........................................... 253

5.3.4. BVA readings in terms of co-I-indexation.................................................................. 257

5.3.4.1. Problem.......................................................................................................... 257

5.3.4.2. Bare NPs and EQR........................................................................................ 259

5.3.4.3. Quantifier as a one-place predicate.................................................................. 265

5.3.4.4. Telescoping.................................................................................................... 268

5.3.4.5. Summary........................................................................................................ 270

5.4. Summary......................................................................................................................... 271

Appendix E: Problems for Unselective Binding Approach................................................. 273

E.1. Heim 1982: an indefinite NP as a variable.................................................................... 273

E.2. Indefinite NPs............................................................................................................ 275

E.2.1. Proportion problem............................................................................................ 275

E.2.2. Availability of $-reading..................................................................................... 276

E.2.3. Chierchia 1992: an indefinite NP as a quantifier................................................... 277

E.3. Unselective binding approach and types of dependency................................................. 279

E.4. On the characterization of E-type links......................................................................... 281

E.5. Summary................................................................................................................... 284

Chapter 6. Organization of Grammar........................................................................................ 285

6.1. Summary of the Claims.................................................................................................. 285

6.1.1. Chapter 2: the scrambling construction....................................................................... 285

6.1.2. Chapter 3: BVA readings.......................................................................................... 286

6.1.3. Chapter 4: coreferential readings............................................................................... 288

6.1.4. Chapter 5: theory of anaphoric relations..................................................................... 289

6.1.4.1. E-type links..................................................................................................... 289

6.1.4.2. FD................................................................................................................. 290

6.1.4.3. ID.................................................................................................................. 290

6.2. Organization of Grammar............................................................................................... 291

6.2.1. Numeration.............................................................................................................. 292

6.2.2. Structure-changing operations................................................................................... 292

6.2.3. Establishment of syntactic relations............................................................................ 292

6.2.4. Mapping from LF to SR............................................................................................ 293

6.2.5. Interpretation of SR.................................................................................................. 294

6.3. Concluding Remarks..................................................................................................... 295

Bibliography................................................................................................................................. 299